IEEE 802.11 - Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) - Domain Name System (DNS) - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) - File Transfer Protocol (FTP) - Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) - Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) - Internet Protocol version 4 (IP) - Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) - Network File System (NFS) - Network Time Protocol (NTP) - Post Office Protocol (POP) - Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) - Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) - Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) - Secure Shell (SSH) - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) - Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) - Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) - Syslog Protocol - Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) - User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
- ARP is used to translate protocol addresses (layer 3) to hardware interface addresses (layer 2).
- References
- RFC 826 An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol
- Wireshark
- networksorcery.com
- wikipedia
Domain Name System (DNS)
- DNS is a hierarchical decentralized naming system for computers, services, or other resources connected to the Internet or a private network. UDP port 53, by default. If the data portion of the UDP packet exceeds the maximum size, then TCP port 53 is used.
- Applications and Tools
- dns4me - DNS Proxy
- Dig for Windows - better than nslookup
- Dig Web Interface - online dig
- Chinese Firewall Test
- DNS Stuff - online network tools
- Network Solution's WhoIs
- References
- RFC 1034 Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities
- RFC 1035 Domain Names - Implementation and Specification
- RFC 2671 Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS0)
- RFC 8484 DNS Queries over HTTPS (DoH)
- Wireshark
- networksorcery.com
- wikipedia
- DDNS
- ChangeiP Free Dynamic DNS delivers the essentials DNS features including a free to use subdomain, unlimited URL redirections, and complete port redirection capabilities.
- D-Link - dynamic DNS host name for your D-Link router
- My DDNS is a free solution I developed.
- no-ip allows remote access your computer, DVR, webcam, security camera or any internet connected device easily. Dynamic DNS points an easy to remember hostname to your dynamic IP address.
- DNS over HTTPS (DoH)
- RFC 8484 DNS Queries over HTTPS (DoH)
- github
- How to enable DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH)
- Verification

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
- DHCP is a network management protocol used on TCP/IP networks whereby a DHCP server dynamically assigns an IP address and other network configuration parameters to each device on a network so they can communicate with other IP networks. DHCP uses TCP port 67 on the server side and TCP port 68 on the client side.
- References
- RFC 2131 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
- Wireshark
- networksorcery.com
- wikipedia
- Cable modem init states
- Understanding and Troubleshooting DHCP in Catalyst Switch or Enterprise Networks
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
- FTP is a standard network protocol used for the transfer of computer files between a client and server on a computer network.
- Commands
binary Sets the file transfer type to binary. Critical to the successful transfer of files such as Word documents, graphics, or software packages; also works fine with text files (files that contain only ascii text and no formatting). get $filename Transfers a file from a remote computer to the computer you are typing on. mget $file1 $file2 Transfers multiple files from a remote computer to the computer you are typing on. ls Lists all the files in your current sub-directory. cd Changes the directory. To move back up to a previous level, use \"cd ..\" (note the space). put $filename Transfers a file from the computer you are typing on to the remote computer. mput $file1 $file2 Transfers multiple files from the computer you are typing on to the remote computer. pwd Tells you the present working directory. <Ctrl>+h Deletes a character to the left of the cursor (acts as a backspace). Note: Use the Ctrl key; don't type the word "Ctrl". help $command Displays the definition of a command. Type \"help\" to see a full list of valid commands. bye Ends the FTP session. - References
- RFC 959 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
- Wireshark
- networksorcery.com
- wikipedia
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) / Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)
- HTTP is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, and hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web.
- Commands
GET / Returns the header and document root, if it exists and you have permissions. Generally true. - Applications and Tools
- Browsers
- Browser Extensions
- Adblock Plus 3.5
- Adblock Plus Filters
- Adblock Warning Removal List
- Fanboy's Annoyance List
- ABP filters
- EasyList
- Allow nonintrusive advertising
- Tampermonkey
- Manage your userscripts and provides features like a clear overview over the running scripts
- uBlock Origin
- Block Ads, Pop Ups, and Trackers
- Web Developer
- Write HTML without a WYSIWYG
- View Source
- Comparison of web browsers
- Google Chrome 73.0.3683.75
- Firefox
- Plug ins
- No Script provides extra protection for your Firefox browser. This extension allows JavaScript and Java execution only for trusted domains of your choice. This white list based pre-emptive script blocking approach prevents exploitation of security vulnerabilities with no loss of functionality. You can enable JavaScript or Java execution for sites you trust with a simple left-click on the NoScript status bar icon or using the context menu in pop-up status bar. It is great for getting content off websites that have pop-ups.
- Tor Browser
- CSS
- HTML
- Imagemap Generator - a free online imagemap generator
- WinWGet - a Windows Graphical User Interface (GUI) for wget
- References
- RFC 1945 Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.0
- RFC 2616 Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1
- Wireshark
- networksorcery.com
- wikipedia
- HTTP Specifications and Drafts
- The Open Graph protocol
- Search Engines
- DuckDuckGo - privacy is priority
- Google - largest, no privacy
- Google Search Engine Optimization Starter Guide
- IMDb - focused on video (movies, tv, actors, etc...)
- Job Search - something I put together
- Rotten Tomatoes - Information about movies. Very useful for Audience ratings. Ignore the critics.
- The Unfair Advantage Book on Winning The Search Engine War (323 kb)
- The Movie Db - a popular, user editable database for movies
- The TV DB - a popular, user editable database for TV shows
- Wikipedia - encylopedia w/ politically correct tendacies
Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)
- IMAP is an Internet standard protocol used by e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail messages from a mail server over a TCP/IP connection.
- References
Internet Protocol version 4 (IP) / Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
- IP is the principal communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying packets across network boundaries. Its routing function enables internetworking, and essentially establishes the Internet.
- Applications and Tools
- Special Use Subnets
0.0.0.0/8 self-identification 10.0.0.0/8 Private 127.0.0.0/32 Loopback 169.254/16 DHCP link local address 172.16.0.0/12 Private 192.0.0.0/24 Special Purpose 192.0.2.0/24 TEST-NET-1 192.88.99.0/24 6to4 relay anycast 192.88.99.2/32 6to4 relay anycast 192.88.99.2/32 6to4 relay anycast 192.168.0.0/16 Private 198.18.0.0/15 Interconnect Device 198.51.100.0/24 TEST-NET-2 203.0.113.0/24 TEST-NET-3 224.0.0.0/4 Multicast 240.0.0.0/4 Reserved 255.255.255.255/32 Limited broadcast fc00::/7 Unique Local Unicast fe80::/10 Link Local Unicast ff00::/8 Multicast - IP Assignment
- References
- RFCs
- RFC 791 Internet Protocol
- RFC 894 Transmission of IP Datagrams over Ethernet Networks
- RFC 950 Internet Standard Subnetting Procedure
- RFC 1112 Host Extensions for IP Multicasting
- RFC 1812 Requirements for IP Version 4 Routers
- RFC 2474 Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers
- RFC 2475 An Architecture for Differentiated Services
- RFC 2460 Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification
- RFC 4191 IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture
- Wireshark IP v4
- Wireshark IP v6
- networksorcery.com
- wikipedia
- TCP/IP Overview
- Understanding IP Addressing and CIDR Charts
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
- LDAP is an open, vendor-neutral, industry standard application protocol for accessing and maintaining distributed directory information services over an Internet Protocol (IP) network.
- Commands
ldapbind Use ldapbind to authenticate to a directory server or find out if the server is running. ldapsearch Use ldapsearch to search for specific entries in a directory. ldapsearch opens a connection to a directory, authenticates the user performing the operation, searches for the specified entry, and prints the result in a format that the user specifies. ldapadd Use ldapadd to add entries to the directory. ldapadd opens a connection to the directory and authenticates the user. Then it opens the LDIF file supplied as an argument and adds, in succession, each entry in the file. ldapdelete Use ldapdelete to remove leaf entries from a directory. ldapdelete opens a connection to a directory server and authenticates the user. Then it deletes specified entries. ldapmodify Use ldapmodify to modify existing entries. ldapmodify opens a connection to the directory and authenticates the user. Then it opens the LDIF file supplied as an argument and modifies the LDAP entries specified by the file. ldapmoddn Use ldapmoddn to change the RDN of an entry or move an entry or subtree to another location in the directory - References
- RFC 4510 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
- Wireshark
- networksorcery.com
- wikipedia
Network File System (NFS)
- NFS is a distributed file system protocol allows a user on a client computer to access files over a computer network much like local storage is accessed.
- References
- RFC 3530 Network File System (NFS) version 4 Protocol
- Wireshark
- networksorcery.com
- wikipedia
Network Time Protocol (NTP)
- Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a networking protocol for clock synchronization between computer systems over packet-switched, variable-latency data networks.
- Applications and Tools
- References
- RFC 1305 Network Time Protocol (Version 3)
- Wireshark
- networksorcery.com
- wikipedia
Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3)
- POP is an application-layer Internet standard protocol used by e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail from a server in an Internet Protocol (IP) network.
- Commands
USER Your user name for this mail server PASS Your password. QUIT End your session. STAT Number and total size of all messages LIST Message# and size of message RETR $message Retrieve selected message DELE $message Delete selected message NOOP No-op. Keeps you connection open. RSET Reset the mailbox. Undelete deleted messages. - Applications and Tools
- Email Header Reader
- Spam - my tips
- References
Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP)
- RTP is a network protocol for delivering audio and video over IP networks.
- References
- RFC 3550 RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications
- Wireshark
- networksorcery.com
- wikipedia
Secure Shell (SSH)
- SSH is a cryptographic network protocol for operating network services securely over an unsecured network.
- References
- RFCs
- RFC 4250 The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Assigned Numbers
- RFC 4251 The Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Architecture
- RFC 4252 The Secure Shell (SSH) Authentication Protocol
- RFC 4253 The Secure Shell (SSH) Transport Layer Protocol
- RFC 4254 The Secure Shell (SSH) Connection Protocol
- Wireshark
- networksorcery.com
- wikipedia
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
- SMTP is an Internet standard for electronic mail (email) transmission. Some ways to deal with Spam.
- Commands
ATRN Authenticated TURN AUTH Authentication BDAT Binary data BURL Remote content DATA The actual email message to be sent
This command is terminated with a line that contains only aEHLO Extended HELO ETRN Extended turn EXPN Expand HELO Identify yourself to the SMTP server. HELP Show available commands MAIL Send mail from email account
MAIL FROM: me@mydomain.comNOOP No-op. Keeps you connection open. ONEX One message transaction only QUIT End session RCPT Send email to recipient
RCPT TO: you@yourdomain.comRSET Reset SAML Send and mail SEND Send SOML Send or mail STARTTLS SUBMITTER SMTP responsible submitter TURN Turn VERB Verbose VRFY Verify - Applications and Tools
- mail.com - free anonymous email accounts
- Gmail - free email account
- Message Header Analyzer
- References
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
- SNMP is used to communicate management information between the network management stations and the agents in the network elements.
- SNMP Security Levels
Version Level Authentication Encryption What Happens v1 noAuthNoPriv Community String No Uses a community string match for authentication. v2c noAuthNoPriv Community String No Uses a community string match for authentication. v3 noAuthNoPriv Username No Uses a username match for authentication. v3 authNoPriv Message Digest Algorithm 5 (MD5) or Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) No Provides authentication based on the Hashed Message Authentication Code (HMAC)-MD5 or HMAC-SHA algorithms. v3 authPriv Message Digest Algorithm 5 (MD5) or Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) Data Encryption Standard (DES) Provides authentication based on the HMAC-MD5 or HMAC-SHA algorithms. In addition to authentication, provides DES 56-bit encryption based on the Cipher Block Chaining (CBC)-DES (DES-56) standard. - Applications and Tools
- How to install SNMP service on Windows
- Loriot Pro - Windows Management System, free version may fit your needs
- SNMP Enabler for Windows
- References
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) / Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP)
- STP is a network protocol that builds a logical loop-free topology for Ethernet networks.
- References
- IEEE 802.1D IEEE standard for local and metropolitan area networks--Media access control (MAC) Bridges (for STP and RSTP).
- IEEE 802.1Q IEEE Standards for local and metropolitan area networks-—Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks (for MSTP).
- Wireshark
- wikipedia
Syslog Protocol
- Syslog is a standard for message logging.
- References
- RFC 5424 The Syslog Protocol
- networksorcery.com
- wikipedia
- Syslog Tutorial
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
- TCP is one of the main protocols of the Internet protocol suite.
- References
- RFC 793 Transmission Control Protocol
- Wireshark
- networksorcery.com
- wikipedia
- TCP/IP Overview
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
- UDP allows computer applications to send messages to other hosts on an Internet Protocol (IP) network. UDP has no handshaking. UDP packets are dropped on congested networks. Therefore, it is unclear if the message is delivered.
- References
- RFC 768 User Datagram Protocol
- Wireshark
- networksorcery.com
- wikipedia